Oracle 11g - Rman Backup Committed Undo ? Why?

We already know what undo data is used for. When a transaction changes a block, the past image of the block is kept it the undo segments. The data is kept there even if the transaction is committed because some long running  query that started before the block is changed can ask for the block that was changed and committed. This query should get the past image of the block—the pre-commit image, not the current one. Therefore undo data is kept undo segments even after the commit. The data is flushed out of the undo segment in course of time, to make room for the newly inserted undo data.

When the RMAN backup runs, it backs up all the data from the undo tablespace. But during recovery, the undo data related to committed transactions are no longer needed, since they are already in the redo log streams, or even in the datafiles (provided the dirty blocks have been cleaned out from buffer and written to the disk) and can be recovered from there. So, why bother backing up the committed undo data?

In Oracle Database 11g, RMAN does the smart thing: it bypasses backing up the committed undo data that is not required in recovery. The uncommitted undo data that is important for recovery is backed up as usual. This reduces the size and time of the backup (and the recovery as well). In many databases, especially OLTP ones where the transaction are committed more frequently and the undo data stays longer in the undo  segments, most of the undo data is actually committed. Thus RMAN has to backup only a few blocks from the undo tablespaces.

The best part is that we  needn’t do anything to achieve this optimization; Oracle does it by itself.


Enjoy    :-) 

Proactive Health Checks using Validate Command

It  helps  us to  sleep  better  at night  knowing  that the  database  is  healthy and has no  bad blocks. But how can  we ensure that ? Bad blocks show  themselves only when  they are accessed so we  want  to identify  them  early  and  hopefully  repair  them  using  simple  commands  before  the  users  get an error. The tool  dbverify  can  do  the  job but  it  might  be  a little  inconvenient  to  use  because  it  requires writing  a  script  file contaning  all  datafiles and  a  lot  of  parameters. The  output also  needs scanning and interpretation. 

In Oracle Database 11g, a new command in RMAN, VALIDATE DATABASE, makes this operation trivial by checking database blocks for physical corruption. If corruption is detected, it logs into the Automatic Diagnostic Repository. RMAN then produces an output that is partially shown below:

C:\Users\Administrator> rman target sys/xxxx
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Aug 31 15:03:47 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
connected to target database: PIKE (DBID=1619611654)
RMAN> validate database;

Starting validate at 31-AUG-11
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=36 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting validation of datafile
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) for validation
input datafile file number=00005 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_DICT_01.DBF
input datafile file number=00006 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_01.DBF
input datafile file number=00007 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_02.DBF
input datafile file number=00008 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_03.DBF
input datafile file number=00009 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_04.DBF
input datafile file number=00010 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_05.DBF
input datafile file number=00001 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\SYSTEM01.DBF
input datafile file number=00002 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\SYSAUX01.DBF
input datafile file number=00003 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\UNDOTBS01.DBF
input datafile file number=00004 name=D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\USERS01.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_1: validation complete, elapsed time: 00:01:45
List of Datafiles
=================
File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
1    OK     0              14358        92192           3135230
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\SYSTEM01.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              60862
  Index      0              13160
  Other      0              3780

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
2    OK     0              19066        79368           3135229
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\SYSAUX01.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              19106
  Index      0              14603
  Other      0              26585

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
3    OK     0              1            18560           3135230
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\UNDOTBS01.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              0
  Index      0              0
  Other      0              18559

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
4    OK     0              481          640             935664
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\USERS01.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              15
  Index      0              2
  Other      0              142

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
5    OK     0              248051       256000          1325211
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_DICT_01.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              1074
  Index      0              1113
  Other      0              5762

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
6    OK     0              119022       256000          3099996
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_01.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              93382
  Index      0              29835
  Other      0              13761

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
7    OK     0              124364       256000          3099672
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_02.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              89229
  Index      0              28893
  Other      0              13514

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
8    OK     0              128858       256000          3099896
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_03.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              81211
  Index      0              33860
  Other      0              12071

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
9    OK     0              68787        256000          3099998
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_04.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              137858
  Index      0              32218
  Other      0              17137

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
10   OK     0              97469        256000          3099998
  File Name: D:\APP\ORADATA\PIKE\CC_PIKE_05.DBF
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              115137
  Index      0              30373
  Other      0              13021

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting validation of datafile
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) for validation
including current control file for validation
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: validation complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
List of Control File and SPFILE
===============================
File Type    Status Blocks Failing Blocks Examined
------------ ------ -------------- ---------------
SPFILE       OK     0              2
Control File OK     0              614
Finished validate at 31-AUG-11

We can also validate a specific tablespace:

RMAN> validate tablespace users;

Or, datafile:

RMAN> validate datafile 1;

Or, even a block in a datafile:

RMAN> validate datafile 4 block 56;

The VALIDATE command extends much beyond datafiles however. we can validate spfile, controlfilecopy, recovery files, Flash Recovery Area, and so on.

Enjoy   :-) 

Database Monitoring scripts

Below is the monitoring script which is very useful for monitoring the health of database.This script has no adverse affects. There are no DML or DDL actions taken.The script must be run as sys user. 

REM Monitoring and tuning script for Oracle databases all versions

REM This script has no adverse affects. There are no DML or DDL actions taken

REM Parts will not work in all versions but useful info should be returned from other parts

REM Uses anonymous procedures to avoid storing objects in the SYS schema

REM therefore this script must be run as sys 

REM calls to v$parameter need to be moved into subblocks to prevent NO_DATA_FOUND exceptions

REM parameter numbers are different between Oracle Versions

REM This daily script is a subset of the weekly script 

REM This script monitors only those things that might cause an application or database failure

REM and not all of those

REM For nicer formatting run the following in vi: %s/  *$//

REM This strips the trailing whitespace returned from oracle

set pause off

set verify off

set echo off

set term off

set heading off

REM Set up dynamic spool filename

spool C:\spool.sql
select 'spool C:\'||name||'_'||'daily'||'_'||to_char(sysdate,'yymondd')||'.txt'
from sys.v_$database;
spool off


set heading on
set verify on
set term on
set serveroutput on size 1000000
set wrap on
set linesize 200
set pagesize 1000


/*************************  START REPORT  **********************************/
/* Run dynamic spool output name */
@c:\spool.sql


set feedback off
set heading off


select 'Report Date: '||to_char(sysdate,'Monthdd, yyyy hh:mi')
from dual;


set heading on
prompt =============================================================
prompt .                      DATABASE (V$DATABASE) (V$VERSION)
prompt =============================================================
select NAME "Database Name",
CREATED "Created",
LOG_MODE "Status"
  from sys.v_$database;
select banner "Current Versions"
  from sys.v_$version;


prompt ============================================================
prompt .                      UPTIME (V$DATABASE) (V$INSTANCE)
prompt =============================================================


set heading off
column sttime format A30


SELECT NAME, ' Database Started on ',TO_CHAR(STARTUP_TIME,'DD-MON-YYYY "at" HH24:MI')
FROM V$INSTANCE, v$database;
set heading on
prompt .
prompt ==============================================================
prompt .                      SGA SIZE (V$SGA) (V$SGASTAT)
prompt ==============================================================
column Size format 99,999,999,999
select decode(name, 'Database Buffers',
'Database Buffers (DB_BLOCK_SIZE*DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS)',
'Redo Buffers',
'Redo Buffers     (LOG_BUFFER)', name) "Memory",
value "Size"
from sys.v_$sga
UNION ALL
select '------------------------------------------------------' "Memory",
to_number(null) "Size"
  from dual
UNION ALL
select 'Total Memory' "Memory",
sum(value) "Size"
  from sys.v_$sga;


prompt .
prompt .
prompt Current Break Down of (SGA) Variable Size
prompt ------------------------------------------


column Bytes format 999,999,999
column "% Used" format 999.99
column "Var. Size" format 999,999,999


select a.name "Name",
bytes "Bytes",
(bytes / b.value) * 100 "% Used",
b.value "Var. Size"
from sys.v_$sgastat a,
sys.v_$sga b
where a.name not in ('db_block_buffers','fixed_sga','log_buffer')
and b.name='Variable Size'
order by 3 desc;


prompt .
set feedback ON
declare
h_char          varchar2(100);
h_char2 varchar(50);
h_num1          number(25);
result1         varchar2(50);
result2         varchar2(50);


cursor c1 is
        select lpad(namespace,17)||': gets(pins)='||rpad(to_char(pins),9)||
                                     ' misses(reloads)='||rpad(reloads,9)||
               ' Ratio='||decode(reloads,0,0,to_char((reloads/pins)*100,999.999))||'%'
        from v$librarycache;


begin
    dbms_output.put_line('========================================');
    dbms_output.put_line('.  SHARED POOL: LIBRARY CACHE (V$LIBRARYCACHE)');
    dbms_output.put_line('========================================');
    dbms_output.put_line('.');
    dbms_output.put_line('.         Goal: The library cache ratio < 1%' );
    dbms_output.put_line('.');
 
    Begin
    SELECT 'Current setting: '||substr(value,1,30) INTO result1
    FROM V$PARAMETER
    WHERE NUM = 23;
    SELECT 'Current setting: '||substr(value,1,30) INTO result2
    FROM V$PARAMETER
    WHERE NUM = 325;
    EXCEPTION
    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
    h_num1 :=1;
    END;
    dbms_output.put_line('Recommendation: Increase SHARED_POOL_SIZE '||rtrim(result1));
    dbms_output.put_line('.                        OPEN_CURSORS '    ||rtrim(result2));
    dbms_output.put_line('.               Also write identical sql statements.');
    dbms_output.put_line('.');
     
    open c1;
    loop
fetch c1 into h_char;
exit when c1%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line('.'||h_char);
    end loop;
    close c1;


    dbms_output.put_line('.');


    select lpad('Total',17)||': gets(pins)='||rpad(to_char(sum(pins)),9)||
                                 ' misses(reloads)='||rpad(sum(reloads),9),
               ' Your library cache ratio is '||
                decode(sum(reloads),0,0,to_char((sum(reloads)/sum(pins))*100,999.999))||'%'
    into h_char,h_char2
    from v$librarycache;
    dbms_output.put_line('.'||h_char);
    dbms_output.put_line('.           ..............................................');
    dbms_output.put_line('.           '||h_char2);
    dbms_output.put_line('.');
end;
/


declare
        h_num1          number(25);
        h_num2          number(25);
        h_num3          number(25);
        result1         varchar2(50);


begin
    dbms_output.put_line  ('==========================================');
        dbms_output.put_line('.    SHARED POOL: DATA DICTIONARY (V$ROWCACHE)');
    dbms_output.put_line   ('==========================================');
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('.         Goal: The row cache ratio should be < 10% or 15%' );
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('.         Recommendation: Increase SHARED_POOL_SIZE '||result1);
        dbms_output.put_line('.');


        select sum(gets) "gets", sum(getmisses) "misses", round((sum(getmisses)/sum(gets))*100 ,3)
        into h_num1,h_num2,h_num3
        from v$rowcache;


        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('.             Gets sum: '||h_num1);
        dbms_output.put_line('.        Getmisses sum: '||h_num2);


        dbms_output.put_line('         .......................................');
        dbms_output.put_line('.        Your row cache ratio is '||h_num3||'%');


end;
/


declare
        h_char          varchar2(100);
        h_num1          number(25);
        h_num2          number(25);
        h_num3          number(25);
        h_num4          number(25);
        result1         varchar2(50);
begin
    dbms_output.put_line('.');
    dbms_output.put_line ('===============================================');
        dbms_output.put_line('.          BUFFER CACHE (V$SYSSTAT)');
    dbms_output.put_line ('===============================================');
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('.         Goal: The buffer cache ratio should be > 70% ');
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
Begin
    SELECT 'Current setting: '||substr(value,1,30) INTO result1
    FROM V$PARAMETER
    WHERE NUM = 125;
    EXCEPTION
    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
    result1 := 'Unknown parameter';
END;
        dbms_output.put_line('.          Recommendation: Increase DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS '||result1);
        dbms_output.put_line('.');


        select lpad(name,15)  ,value
        into h_char,h_num1
        from v$sysstat
        where name ='db block gets';
        dbms_output.put_line('.         '||h_char||': '||h_num1);


        select lpad(name,15)  ,value
        into h_char,h_num2
        from v$sysstat
        where name ='consistent gets';
        dbms_output.put_line('.         '||h_char||': '||h_num2);


        select lpad(name,15)  ,value
        into h_char,h_num3
        from v$sysstat
        where name ='physical reads';
        dbms_output.put_line('.         '||h_char||': '||h_num3);


        h_num4:=round(((1-(h_num3/(h_num1+h_num2))))*100,3);


        dbms_output.put_line('.          .......................................');
        dbms_output.put_line('.          Your buffer cache ratio is '||h_num4||'%');


    dbms_output.put_line('.');
end;
/


declare
        h_char          varchar2(100);
        h_num1          number(25);
        h_num2          number(25);
        h_num3          number(25);


        cursor buff2 is
        SELECT name
                ,consistent_gets+db_block_gets, physical_reads
                ,DECODE(consistent_gets+db_block_gets,0,TO_NUMBER(null)
                ,to_char((1-physical_reads/(consistent_gets+db_block_gets))*100, 999.999))
        FROM v$buffer_pool_statistics;
begin
     dbms_output.put_line  ('==========================================');
        dbms_output.put_line('.  BUFFER CACHE (V$buffer_pool_statistics)');
    dbms_output.put_line   ('==========================================');


        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('Buffer Pool:         Logical_Reads     Physical_Reads        HIT_RATIO');
        dbms_output.put_line('.');


        open buff2;
        loop
            fetch buff2 into h_char, h_num1, h_num2, h_num3;
            exit when buff2%notfound;


   dbms_output.put_line(rpad(h_char, 15, '.')||'         '||lpad(h_num1, 10, ' ')||'         '||
    lpad(h_num2, 10, ' ')||'       '||lpad(h_num3, 10, ' '));


        end loop;
        close buff2;


    dbms_output.put_line('.');
end;
/


declare
        h_char          varchar2(100);
        h_num1          number(25);
        result1         varchar2(50);


        cursor c2 is
        select name,value
        from v$sysstat
        where name in ('sorts (memory)','sorts (disk)')
        order by 1 desc;


begin
  dbms_output.put_line  ('==============================================');
        dbms_output.put_line('.       SORT STATUS (V$SYSSTAT)');
dbms_output.put_line  ('==============================================');
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('.         Goal: Very low sort (disk)' );
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        BEGIN
    SELECT 'Current setting: '||substr(value,1,30) INTO result1
    FROM V$PARAMETER
    WHERE NUM = 320;
    EXCEPTION
    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
    result1 := 'Unknown parameter';
    END;
        dbms_output.put_line('           Recommendation: Increase SORT_AREA_SIZE '||result1);
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line('.');
        dbms_output.put_line(rpad('Name',30)||'Count');
        dbms_output.put_line(rpad('-',25,'-')||'     -----------');


        open c2;
        loop
        fetch c2 into h_char,h_num1;
        exit when c2%notfound;
                dbms_output.put_line(rpad(h_char,30)||h_num1);
        end loop;
        close c2;
end;
/


prompt .
prompt =============================================================
prompt .          TABLESPACE USAGE (DBA_DATA_FILES, DBA_FREE_SPACE)
prompt =============================================================
column Tablespace format a30
column Size format 999,999,999,999
column Used format 999,999,999,999
column Free format 999,999,999,999
column "% Used" format 999.99
select tablespace_name "Tablesapce",
        bytes "Size",
        nvl(bytes-free,bytes) "Used",
        nvl(free,0) "Free",
        nvl(100*(bytes-free)/bytes,100) "% Used"
  from(
select ddf.tablespace_name, sum(dfs.bytes) free, ddf.bytes bytes
FROM (select tablespace_name, sum(bytes) bytes
from dba_data_files group by tablespace_name) ddf, dba_free_space dfs
where ddf.tablespace_name = dfs.tablespace_name(+)
group by ddf.tablespace_name, ddf.bytes)
  order by 5 desc;


set feedback off
set heading off
select rpad('Total',30,'.') "Tablespace",
  sum(bytes) "Size",
        sum(nvl(bytes-free,bytes)) "Used",
        sum(nvl(free,0)) "Free",
        (100*(sum(bytes)-sum(free))/sum(bytes)) "% Used"
  from(
select ddf.tablespace_name, sum(dfs.bytes) free, ddf.bytes bytes
FROM (select tablespace_name, sum(bytes) bytes
from dba_data_files group by tablespace_name) ddf, dba_free_space dfs
where ddf.tablespace_name = dfs.tablespace_name(+)
group by ddf.tablespace_name, ddf.bytes);


set feedback on
set heading on


prompt .
prompt ========================================================
prompt .       FREE SPACE FRAGMENTATION (DBA_FREE_SPACE)
prompt ========================================================
column Tablespace format a30
column "Available Size" format 99,999,999,999
column "Fragmentation" format 99,999
column "Average Size" format 9,999,999,999
column "   Max" format 9,999,999,999
column "   Min" format 9,999,999,999
select tablespace_name Tablespace,
count(*) Fragmentation,
sum(bytes) "Available Size",
avg(bytes) "Average size",
max(bytes) Max,
min(bytes) Min
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name
order by 3 desc ;


prompt .
prompt ============================================================
prompt .      SUMMARY OF INVALID OBJECTS (DBA_OBJECTS)
prompt ============================================================


select owner, object_type, substr(object_name,1,30) object_name, status
from dba_objects
where status='INVALID'
order by object_type;


prompt .
prompt ============================================================
prompt .       LAST REFRESH OF SNAPSHOTS (DBA_SNAPSHOTS)
prompt ============================================================


select owner, name, last_refresh
from dba_snapshots
where last_refresh < (SYSDATE - 1);




prompt .
prompt ============================================================
prompt .               LAST JOBS SCHEDULED (DBA_JOBS)
prompt ============================================================


set arraysize 10
set linesize 65
col what format a65
col log_user format a10
col job format 9999
select job, log_user, last_date, last_sec, next_date, next_sec,
failures, what
from dba_jobs
where failures > 0;


set linesize 100


prompt .
prompt ============================================================
prompt .     ERROR- These segments will fail during NEXT EXTENT (DBA_SEGMENTS)
prompt ============================================================
column Tablespaces format a30
column Segment format a40
column "NEXT Needed" format 999,999,999
column "MAX Available" format 999,999,999
select a.tablespace_name "Tablespaces",
a.owner "Owner",
a.segment_name "Segment",
a.next_extent "NEXT Needed",
b.next_ext "MAX Available"
  from sys.dba_segments a,
(select tablespace_name,max(bytes) next_ext
from sys.dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name) b
 where a.tablespace_name=b.tablespace_name(+)
   and b.next_ext < a.next_extent;


prompt =============================================================
prompt .        WARNING- These segments > 70% of MAX EXTENT (DBA_SEGMENTS)
prompt =============================================================
column Tablespace format a30
column Segment format a40
column Used format 9999
column Max format 9999
select tablespace_name "Tablespace",
owner "Owner",
segment_name "Segment",
extents "Used",
max_extents "Max"
  from sys.dba_segments
 where (extents/decode(max_extents,0,1,max_extents))*100 > 70
   and max_extents >0;


prompt ============================================================
prompt .          LIST OF OBJECTS HAVING > 12 EXTENTS (DBA_EXTENTS)
prompt ============================================================
column Tablespace_ext format a30
column Segment format a40
column Count format 9999
break on "Tablespace_ext" skip 1
select tablespace_name "Tablespace_ext" ,
owner "Owner",
segment_name    "Segment",
count(*)        "Count"
  from sys.dba_extents
 group by tablespace_name,owner,segment_name
 having count(*)>12
 order by 1,3 desc;


prompt =============================================================
prompt End of Report


spool off
/* Remove  spool scripts */


Find the attached output of the above script  :  http://www.box.net/shared/zu755erl5s6nqg8am7nv


Enjoy     :-)

Profile in Oracle

Profiles are a means to limit resources a user can use.We can set up limits on the system resources used by setting up profiles with defined limits on resources.  Profiles are very useful in large, complex organizations with many users.  It allows us to regulate the amount of  resources used by each database user by creating and assigning profiles to users.

The limits resource can be categories into two parts  :  
1.) Kernel Limits
2.) Password Limits

1.) Kernel Limits : Kernel Resources covers the following options to limit the kernels resources.

• Composite_limits : it  specify the total resource cost for a session, expressed in service units. Oracle Database calculates the total service units as a weighted sum of CPU_PER_SESSION, CONNECT_TIME, LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION, and PRIVATE_SGA. composite_limit  <value | unlimited | default>

       e.g;    SQL> alter profile P1 LIMIT composite_limit 5000000;

• CONNECT_TIME : it specify the total elapsed time limit for a session, expressed in minutes. connect_time <value |  unlimited | default> . e.g ,

                  SQL> alter profile P1  LIMIT connect_time 600;

• CPU_PER_CALL : Specify the CPU time limit for a call (a parse, execute, or fetch), expressed in hundredths of seconds. cpu_per_call  < value |  unlimited | default > .  e.g;

                  SQL>  alter profile P1  LIMIT cpu_per_call 3000;

• CPU_PER_SESSION : Specify the CPU time limit for a session,expressed in hundredth of seconds. cpu_per_session   <value |  unlimited | default> .e.g ;

                  SQL>  alter profile  P1  LIMIT   cpu_per_session   UNLIMITED ; 

• IDLE_TIME : Specify the permitted periods of continuous inactive time during a session,expressed in minutes. Long-running queries and other operations are not subject to this limit . idle_time  <value | unlimited | default> . e.g;

                SQL>  alter profile  P1  LIMIT   idle_time  20 ; 

• LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL : Specify the permitted number of data blocks read for a call to process a SQL statement (a parse, execute, or fetch). logical_reads_per_call  <value |  unlimited | default> .e.g;

                 SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1  LIMIT logical_reads_per_call 1000;

• LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION : Specify the permitted number of data blocks read in a session, including blocks read from memory and disk. logical_reads_per_session <value | unlimited | default>  e.g;

               SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1   LIMIT logical_reads_per_session UNLIMITED;

• PRIVATE_SGA : Specify the amount of private space a session can allocate in the shared pool of the system global area (SGA). private_sga  <value | unlimited | default>  Only valid with TP-monitor.  e.g;

               SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1   LIMIT private_sga 15K ;

• SESSIONS_PER_USER : Specify the number of concurrent sessions to which you want to limit the user. sessions_per_user <value | unlimited | default>  e.g;

             SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1   LIMIT sessions_per_user 1;

2 .)  Password Limits : Password Limits covers the following option to restrict the Password resources. Parameters that set lengths of time are interpreted in number of days .

• FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS : Specify the number of failed attempts to log in to the user account before the account is locked. failed_login_attempts <value | unlimited | default> e.g;

            SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1  LIMIT failed_login_attempts 3;

--  to count failed log in attempts , fire the below command

             SQL> SELECT name, lcount FROM user$ WHERE lcount <> 0;

• PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME  :  The number of days during which a login is alowed but a  warning is issued. password_gracetime <value | unlimited | default> . e.g;

             SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1  LIMIT password_grace_time 10;

• PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME  :  The number of days an account will be locked after the specified number of  consecutive failed login attempts defined by  FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS.    password_lock_time  <value | unlimited | default>  .  e.g;

               SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1  LIMIT password_lock_time 30;

• PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX :Times a password can be reused .password_reuse_max  <value | unlimited | default> .  e.g;

          SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1  LIMIT password_reuse_max 0 ; 

• PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME : Days between password reuses.password_reuse_time  <value | unlimited | default> .  e.g ; 

          SQL> ALTER PROFILE  P1  LIMIT password_reuse_time 0 ; 

To view existing profiles fire the below query :

SQL> select  profile, resource_name, limit FROM dba_profiles order by  profile, resource_name ; 

How to create the profile   :

SQL Create profile CREATE PROFILE <profile_name>  LIMIT

           <profile_item_name> <value>

           <profile_item_name> <value>

            ....;

e.g; 

SQL> create profile P1 limit 

 password_life_time 90

password_grace_time 15

password_reuse_time  0

password_reuse_max  0

failed_login_attempts  4

password__login_atempts  4

password_lock_time  2

cpu_per_call  2

private_sga 500K

logical_read_per_call   1000;

How to assign profile to user : we can assign the profile to user while creating the user or by altering the user. Here is demo to assign a profile to user .Say we have profile P1 and we assign to user ABC.

SQL> create user abc identified by abc 

default tablespace users  

 quota unlimited on users 

profile P1;

or  

SQL> alter user abc identified by abc  profile P1;

Enjoy     :-) 

Tracking Rman Backup

In Oracle 10g it is possible to track changed blocks using a change tracking file. Enabling change tracking does produce a small overhead, but it greatly improves the performance of incremental backups. The current change tracking status can be displayed by below query :

SQL> select  status from  v$block_change_tracking ; 

Change tracking is enabled using the ALTER DATABASE command.

SQL> alter database enable block change  tracking ;
The tracking file is created with a minumum size of 10M and grows in 10M increments. It's size is typically 1/30,000 the size of the datablocks to be tracked.Change tracking can be disabled using the following command.

SQL>alter database disable block change tracking ; 

We can track the Rman Job at session level done sofar.

SQL> select SID, START_TIME,TOTALWORK, sofar, (sofar/totalwork) * 100 done, 
          sysdate + TIME_REMAINING/3600/24 end_at  
          from     v$session_longops  
         where  totalwork > sofar   
         and     opname NOT LIKE '%aggregate%' 
         and     opname like 'RMAN%' ; 

 SID    START_TIM   TOTALWORK  SOFAR          DONE          END_AT
 ----     ------------    --------------    ----------     -------------    -----------
142    18-AUG-11   138240         47230    34.1652199    18-AUG-11

We can also  track the Rman job status in running session by using below query :

SQL> SELECT  s.SID, p.SPID, s.CLIENT_INFO 
        FROM    V$PROCESS p, V$SESSION s 
        WHERE   p.ADDR = s.PADDR 
       AND     CLIENT_INFO LIKE 'rman%';
SID      SPID              CLIENT_INFO
-----      ------         -------------------------------
142      8924       rman channel=ORA_DISK_1

Rman job status at Database Active session : 

SQL> SELECT  /**** session active users ****/ 
s.sid sid , s.serial# serial_id ,lpad(s.status,9) session_status , 
lpad(s.username,35) ora_user, lpad(s.osuser,12) os_user , 
lpad(p.spid,7) os_pid , s.program SES_PRGM , 
lpad(s.terminal,10) session_terminal ,lpad(s.machine,19) session_machine 
FROM v$process p , v$session s 
WHERE   p.addr (+) = s.paddr 
AND     s.status = 'ACTIVE' 
AND     s.username IS NOT NULL 
ORDER BY sid ;
SID   SERIAL_ID    SESSION_S     ORA_USER  OS_USER     OS_PID      SES_PRGM
-----   ----------      --------------      ------------    -----------      ---------       ----------------                        
142         16          ACTIVE               SYS         Neerajs         8924         rman.exe
157          1           ACTIVE               SYS         Neerajs         10280       sqlplus.exe


Enjoy      :-)